9th CBSE Social Notes On Drainage

 03-November-2021 Notes

01. Drainage:  It describes the river system of an area

02. Drainage basin :The area drained by a single river system is called Drainage basin eg: Ganga River Basin

03. Which is the largest river basin in the world and In India ?

Ans: Amazon River basin in the world and Ganga River Basin India.

04. WaterDivide:  An elevated area, such as a mountain or an upland,

separates two drainage basins is known as a water divide.

Eg: Ambala water divide separates Indus and Ganga in Haryana

05. How do the Indian drainage system is classified ?

Ans: The Indian Drainage system is classified based on its origin, It is broadly divided into two categories:

• The Himalayan rivers; and

• The Peninsular rivers.

06. What are the physiographic units are involved in the evolution of Indian Drainage river basin ? 

Ans: The drainage system in India has evolved and adjusted itself with the evolution of

the three physiographic units: 

• The Himalayas 

•  The peninsular plateau 

•  The Indo Gangetic plain

07. Explain the difference between Himalayan & Peninsular Rivers ?

Ans: 

HIMALAYAN RIVERS	PENINSULAR RIVERS
These rivers are origin from Kailash Range of Himalayas near Manasarovar lake in Tibet	These rivers are origin from Central Highland & Western Ghats of  Peninsular Plateau
Himalayan rivers are perennial in nature	Peninsular rivers are non perennial in nature
Main source of these rivers are Rainfall & melting of Glacier	These rivers are depend only on rainfall
The region in which these rivers are flow hardly require irrigation	The region in which these rivers flow highly require irrigation
These rivers mostly create floods and cause destruction	These rivers do not create much floods
These rivers create Deltas	These rivers create Deltas & Esturies
These rivers fall in Arabian Sea & Bay of Bengal	These rivers also fall in Arabian Sea & Bay of  Bengal
These rivers have large river basin	These rivers have smaller river basin compare to Himalayan rivers
The Himalayan rivers have long courses from their source to the sea.	The Peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower courses
The major Himalayan Rivers are Indus, Ganga, & Brahmaputhra	The major peninsular rivers are  Godavari, krishna, Mahanadi, Kaveri, Narmada, Tapi etc

08. Difference between Deltas and Esturies

Ans:

DELTAS	ESTURIES
It is a wetland formed due to the deposition of sediments by rivers	The estuary is an area where saltwater of sea mixes with fresh water of rivers. It is formed by a tidal bore.
Delta is formed by the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi etc in India	The rivers Tapti and Narmada rivers form the estuary in India
Delta is a low triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides before entering a larger body of water.	It is the funnel-shaped mouth of a river where tides move in and out.
Deltas are mostly used in agriculture & fishing activities	Estuary areas are covered for agricultural activities.

09. Gorge : A deep, narrow valley with steep sides, usually formed by a river or stream cutting through hard rock. Eg: Byson Gorge in Andhra Pradesh 

10. Meander : A meander is one of a series of regular curves in the channel of a river or other watercourse.

11. Ox-Bow Lake : An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake that forms when a wide meander of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water.

12. List out the land forms created by the work of River

Ans:

• Waterfall 

• V Shaped Valley 

• Canyons 

• Gorges 

• Meanders 

• Ox-Bow lake

•  Flood Plains

•  Deltas 

•  Esturies 

13. River System : A river along with its tributaries are  called a river system 

14. Explain the Drainage System of River Indus

Ans:

• The river Indus rises in Tibet, near Lake Mansarowar. 

• It Flows in the North west direction and  enters India in the Ladakh.

• It forms a picturesque gorge in this part. 

• Several tributaries, the Zaskar, Nubra,Shyok and Hunza, join it in the Kashmir region.

• The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock.

• The main tributaries of Indus such as Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj join together and meet Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan.

• Later Indus flows towards south  and falls into Arabian Sea, by crossing east of Karachi.

• The Indus plain has a very gentle slope with a total length of 2900 km, 

• A little over a third of the Indus basin is located in Ladakh, Jammu and

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab of India and the rest is in Pakistan.

15. What do you meant by Indus water Treaty (1960) ?

Ans:

• Indus water Treaty is an agreement between India & Pakistan for sharing the water resources of river Indus as it is moving at both countries.

• It was signed by the President of Pakistan, Ayub Khan & the Prime Minister Of India, Jawahar Lal Nehru at Karachi in 19th Sep 1960

• According to this treaty India can use only 20 per cent of the total water carried by

the Indus river system.

• This water is used for irrigation in Punjab, Haryana and the southern

and the western parts of Rajasthan.

16. Explain the Drainage System of River Ganga.

Ans:

• The river  Ganga has twin sources. 

• The main source is the Gangotri glacier where it is called the Bhagirathi. 

• The other is Satopanth glacier 

•  It is located the north-west of Badrinath where it is called the Alakananda. 

• The two join at Devprayag to form the R. Ganga  and emerges from the hills of Haridwar.

• It flows in the direction of south east

• It cover the distance of around 2500 km, which makes it as the longest river in India

• The tributaries of River Ganga can be classified based on their origin

• Himalayan tributaries of Ganga are : Yamuna, Gomti, Sarda, Ghaghra, Gandak and Kosi

• Peninsular Tributaries of Ganga are : Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son 

• The river Yamuna rises from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas.

• The river yamuna  meets the Ganga at  Prayagraj, Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh

•  The Ganga flows eastwards till Farakka in West Bengal.

•  Farakka is the the northernmost point of the Ganga delta.

• The river Bhagirathi-Hooghly is a distributary of river Ganga.

• The river Ganga is known by Padma in Bangladesh

• The mainstream, flows southwards into Bangladesh and joined by the Brahmaputra.

• Further downstream, it is known as the Meghna.

• The largest Delta in the world 'Sunderban' is formed by the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra

• The river Ganga has Dendritic drainage pattern

• The Ambala water divide seperate Indus and Ganga at Haryana

17. What makes the Ganga a Dentritic drainage pattern ?

Ans:

• The plains from Ambala to the Sunderban stretch over nearly 1800 km

• The fall in its slope is hardly 300 metres. 

• Thereis a fall of just one metre for every 6 km.

• Therefore, the river develops large meanders.

• This makes the Ganga a Dentritic drainage pattern

18. What programme initiated by the Indian Government to clean Ganga? What is its objective ?

Ans:

• The programme which initiated by the Indian Goverment to clean Gaga is Namami Gange Programme.

• It is approved a flagship programme by the Union Government on June 2014.

• It's twin objectives are :

        1. Effective abatement of pollution,

        2. conservation and rejuvenation of the national river, Ganga.

• The Ministry of Jal shakti is the responsible for this mission.

19. Explain the Drainage System of River Brahmaputra.

Ans:

• The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet east of Manasarovar lake from chemayungdung glacier.

• It flows eastwards parallel to the Himalayas.

• On reaching the NamchaBarwa (7757 m), it takes a ‘U’ turn and entersIndia in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge, here, it is called the Dihang

• It is joined by the Dibang, the Lohit, and many other tributaries to form the Brahmaputra in Assam.

• Brahmaputra is known as the Tsang Po in Tibet and Jamuna in Bangladesh.

• In Tibet, the river carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold and a dry area.

• In India, it passes through a region of high rainfall. so it carries a large volume of water and considerable amount of silt.

• The Brahmaputra has a braided channel in its entire length in Assam and forms many riverine islands like Majuli (Largest riverine island in the world)

• The Brahmaputra is also known as river of floods as it overflows its banks, causing widespread devastation  in Assam and Bangladesh.

19. Explain the Drainage System of Peninsular rivers.

Ans:

 

River	Origin	Direction of flow	Distance	Tributaries	States	Special features
Godavari	Triambak plateau in Maharashtra	Eastward	1500 km	Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjira, Wainganga & Penganga	Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha & Andhra Pradesh	Largest peninsular river. It is also known as Dakshin ganga
Krishna	Mahabaleeshwar hills in Maharashtra	Eastward	1400 km	Tungabhadra, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima & Musi	Maharashtra, Karnataka & Andhrapradesh	Second largest peninsular river
Narmada	Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh	Westward	1300 km	Kharmer, Burhner, Banjar,	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat	The ‘Marble rocks’,near Jabalpur, and the ‘Dhuadhar falls are some of the notable ones. The highest statue in the world "Statue of Unity" built on the banks of this river
Mahanadi	Sihawa mountains in chattisgarh	Eastward	860 km	Seonath, Mand, Ib, Hasdeo	Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Odisha	The longest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam is built over in this river
Cauvery	Brahmagiri Range in karnataka	Eastward	760 km	Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.	Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu	The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India, known as Shivasamudram Falls.
Tapti	Multai hills of stapura range in Madhya Pradesh	Westward	720 km	Girna, Nesu	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat	Tapti River overflowed its banks during heavy rains during the monsoon season and kills 1000 of people